Aphasia Fact SheetAphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. For most people, these are parts of the left side (hemisphere) of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, frequently the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly as in the case of a brain tumor. The disorder impairs both the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech which also result from brain damage.Who has aphasia? Anyone can acquire aphasia, but most people who have aphasia are in their middle to late years. Men and women are equally affected. It is estimated that approximately 80,000 individuals acquire aphasia each year. About one million persons in the United States currently have aphasia. What causes aphasia? Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain. Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. A stroke occurs when, for some reason, blood is unable to reach a part of the brain. Brain cells die when they do not receive their normal supply of blood which carries oxygen and important nutrients. Other causes of brain injury are severe blows to the head, brain tumors and brain infections as well as other conditions of the brain. What are the characteristics of aphasia? The characteristics of aphasia depend on the portion of the brain that is injured. There are many types of aphasia, each of which has unique characteristics. Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia are frequently recognized aphasic syndromes. Individuals with Broca's aphasia have damage to the frontal lobe of the brain. These individuals frequently speak in short, meaningful phrases that are produced with great effort and is thus characterized as a nonfluent aphasia. They often omit small words such as "is," "and," and "the." For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say "Walk dog" meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk." The same sentence could also mean "You take the dog for a walk," or "The dog walked out of the yard," depending on the circumstances. Individuals with Broca's aphasia are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems. Individuals with Broca's aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg because the frontal lobe is also important for body movement. In contrast to Broca's aphasia, damage to the temporal lobe may result in a fluent aphasia that is called Wernicke's aphasia. Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, often add unnecessary words and even create new "words." For example, someone with Wernicke's aphasia may say, "You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before," meaning "The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk." Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding speech and are therefore often unaware of their mistakes. These individuals usually have no body weakness because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement. A third type of aphasia, global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain. Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and may be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language. How is aphasia diagnosed? Aphasia is usually first recognized by the physician who treats the individual for his or her brain injury. Frequently this is a neurologist. The physician typically performs tests that require the individual to follow commands, answer questions, name objects and converse. If the physician suspects aphasia, the individual is often referred to a speech-language pathologist who performs a comprehensive examination of the person's ability to understand, speak, read and write. How is aphasia treated? In some instances an individual will completely recover from aphasia without treatment. This type of "spontaneous recovery" usually occurs following strokes which are called transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in which the blood flow to the brain is temporarily interrupted but is quickly restored. In these circumstances, language abilities may return in a few hours to a few days. For most cases of aphasia, however, language recovery is not as quick or as complete. While many individuals with aphasia also experience a period of spontaneous recovery in which some language abilities return over a period of a few days to a month after the brain injury, some amount of aphasia typically remains. In these instances speech-language therapy is often helpful. Recovery usually continues over a two-year period. Most people believe that the most effective treatment begins early in the recovery process. Some of the factors that influence the amount of improvement include the cause of the brain damage, the area of the brain that was damaged, the extent of the brain injury, and the age and health of the individual. Additional factors include motivation, handedness, and educational level. Aphasia therapy strives to improve an individual's ability to communicate by helping the individual to utilize remaining abilities, to restore language abilities as much as possible, to compensate for language problems and to learn other methods of communicating. Treatment may be offered in individual or group settings. Individual therapy focuses on the specific needs of the person. Group therapy offers the opportunity to use new communication skills in a comfortable setting. Stroke clubs, which are regional support groups formed by individuals who have had a stroke, are available in most major cities. These clubs also offer the opportunity for individuals with aphasia to try new communication skills. In addition, stroke clubs can help the individual and his or her family adjust to the life changes that accompany stroke and aphasia. Family involvement is often a crucial component of aphasia treatment so that family members can learn the best way to communicate with their loved one. Family members are encouraged to:
Aphasia research is exploring new ways to evaluate and treat aphasia as well as to further understanding of the function of the brain. Brain imaging techniques are helping to define brain function , determine the severity of brain damage and predict the severity of the aphasia. These procedures include PET (positron emission tomography). CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) as well as the new functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) which identifies areas of the brain that are utilized during activities such as speaking or listening. In-depth testing of the language ability of individuals with the various aphasic syndromes is helping to design effective treatment strategies. The use of computers in aphasia treatment is being studied. Promising new drugs administered shortly after some types of stroke are being investigated as ways to reduce the severity of aphasia. Where can I get additional information? Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Publications ClearinghousePO Box 8547 Silver Spring, MD 20907 1-800-358-9295 (toll free) request publication number 95-0662 American Academy of Neurology
American Heart Association
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
National Aphasia Association
National Brain Injury Association
National Easter Seal Society
National Stroke Association
For information about NIDCD publications call or write: NIDCD Information Clearinghouse1 Communication Avenue Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3456 1-800-241-1044 (voice) 1-800-241-1055 (TTY) Send e-mail to nidcdinfo@nidcd.nih.gov August 1997
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