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aqueduct, Roman—
That Posillipo aqueduct runs parallel to the Roman tunnel known as the Seiano Grotto and was apparently built at the same time as the tunnel, itself. The tunnel is occasionally open for visits. As far as I know, the aqueduct is not; I know of its existence only because I was led into it by a crazy archaeologist friend of mine. It was there that I found out that I don't particularly like to be cooped up in tight spaces beneath mountains. In the city of Naples, itself, the water distribution was by a
system
of subterranean conduits leading from the main aqueduct. More recently,
during the aerial bombardment of WW II, the ancient aqueduct was put to
use as an air-raid shelter, the wells and cisterns being enlarged to
allow
for the passage of people. There are underground tours available of the
section of the aqueduct directly below the historic center of the city.
The aqueduct is appropriately dark, deep, and scary. Visitors are even
issued candles to light their descent. It is also very, very cold,
which
makes it the perfect place to visit in July and August. The entrance is
from Piazza Gaetano near the intersection of via dei
Tribunali
and via San Gregorio Armeno. (At #33 on the map of the
historic
center of the city. Click here.)
Main entry on the Roman Aqueduct Related items on subterranean Naples: Bourbons (6); Savoy (4)
The ex-Royal family (photo) of Italy got to sit in the ex-royal box (now the presidential box) at San Carlo; Victor Emanuel got to visit the building he was born in (the Royal Palace); and they all went to the Brandi restaurant (which made the first "Margherita" pizza for Victor's great-grandmother). Young "prince" Filiberto took in a soccer match at San Paolo and watched home team Naples struggle to a scoreless tie, thus continuing a nosedive out of the B League—already a "minor" league—into the very minor C League. There were a few demonstrations, both pro and con. The pros were old-line monarchists who didn't vote for the Republic in the referendum of 1946. They have a few modern sympathizers, although it is fair to say that most modern Italians accept their republic (whatever it faults) as a way of life and view the Italian monarchy as a relic—which it is.
It is an oft-repeated assertion in the south of Italy that all of the problems of the south started with the union of Italy in 1860 under the Savoy dynasty. That is when the problem of "Two Italys" started, when unemployment started, and when massive emigration started to deplete the greatest resource any nation has—its people. While it is true that the north bungled the unity of Italy by failing to deal with the problems of the south, they didn't invent those problems. To a large extent they inherited them. The entire course of the 19th century in Italy is bound up in the risorgimento, the movement to create a united, modern nation state of Italy out of the geopolitical jigsaw puzzle that had existed on the peninsula for over a thousand years. That drive to unity was not a northern invention, either. Many of the "philosophers of unity" such as the historian, Vincenzo Cuoco, were from Naples. The Kingdom of Naples was also the home of the "carbonari" in the 1820s, the first agitators for unity, whose ideals fed into the risorgimento later in the century. That movement towards a united Italy was totally resisted by the Bourbons. For three decades leading up to Garibaldi's invasion of the south in 1860 to force union on the Kingdom of Naples, the Bourbon dynasty of Naples was a despotic, absolute monarchy. It resisted even granting a basic constitution and parliament to the people, and it had to rely on Austrian and Swiss mercenaries to prop up the kingdom because the king no longer even trusted his own officer corps, many of whom were agitating for a united Italy as a sort of "manifest destiny". The Bourbon kings remained oblivious to the political reform movements that were sweeping all of Europe in the middle of the 19th century. They had their century—the 18th—and they liked it just fine, thank you very much. Economically, the north also inherited a largely agricultural society with a system of land management based on large holdings worked by a permanently poor class of farmers, a system that had not changed much since the feudalism of the Middle Ages. This, after much of northern Italy and Europe had gone over to metayage—tenant farming, where the people who worked the land kept a considerable portion of what they produced. The "neo–Bourbons" fail to mention that as Garibaldi marched north from Sicily towards Naples in the summer of 1860, he was seen largely as a liberator by the long-suffering peasantry. He then spent almost a year as "Dictator of Naples" making Karl Marx seem like a cautious reformer. Garibaldi expropriated land barons and gave the land to farmers. He set up free schools as a cure for illiteracy, which was endemic in the south. If the Savoys are guilty of a historical crime, it is that they undid those reforms the minute they put Garibaldi out to pasture. But bring back the Bourbons? They must be kidding. cars (2)
I may have been the only person in Naples with an American Motors Corp. Concord, a fine machine from 1979. It used to draw stares, "oohs" and "aahs" when I brought it up out of my own Bat Cave for my nightly patrols through the by-ways of Naples. It wasn't what Europeans disparagingly term an "American battleship". They are remembering way back when—the 1950s—when American drivers were shameless love–slaves of the Godzillamobile, a gaudy behemoth with tail-fins aerodynamically honed to create intense low pressure vortices in their wake, vacuuming up little old ladies from curbside and blowing them down the streets like geriatric Dorothys on their way to Oz. One turn signal, alone, pulled more juice than it took to reanimate Boris Karloff in The Return of Frankenstein, and in fossil–fuel consumption, those cars barely got two miles to the dinosaur. My Concord wan't any of that—it just wasn't a "European-looking" car. Still way back when, my parents indeed bought a European-looking car. It looked that way because it was a European car—a small Citroen 2CV. We made a trip from Los Angeles to New York and back. The 2CV made it, suffering no more than an occasional hayseed jibe about us having to scrounge spare parts from boxes of Cracker Jacks. It was a good car, not fragile—in spite of the salesman's warning not to kick the tires. It made that trip fine, just the way I made it fine in my last big trip in the Concord—way up to Switzerland, even motoring up over the Alps instead of through the long, dreadful Gotthard tunnel. On the way back down south, I strayed from the autostrada near Naples onto a road that even the world's greatest optimist might call "What Road?!"— a trail ludicrously overrated on my map as a vague tracing of broken squiggles. I wound up in a village where children fled from my path and wide-eyed peasants threw sprigs of wolfbane at my car. (Or maybe it's "cloves" of wolfbane, or some metric unit like "kilobushes".) I pulled up in front of City Hut to ask directions, and a
village elder
appeared. He eyed my car suspiciously since it had just been seen to
move
without benefit of harnessed brute. Helpfully, he set the townsfolk to
sharpening stakes and gathering firewood until I explained with my map
that it had been all downhill from Switzerland. He was impressed, too,
that Switzerland was a mere eleven inches from his village. He seemed
fully
conversant with the technology of the wheel since he tried to converse
with my tires. When they wouldn't answer, he stared kicking them,
shaking
his head and "tsk–tsking" as he went. I turned down his offer of a
trade–in
for a fine, slightly used mule. He even kicked the poor animal in the
shins
a few times just to show me what a good, solid beast it was. In any
event,
they let me go and I drove off back to Naples, but only after letting
every
adult in the village sit in the front seat of my Concord, fondle the
steering
wheel and feel completed in life. Cuoco, Vincenzo  I am beginning to see that agriculture will not be perfect in a people until those who farm the land are the same ones who own the land. When I read that, I immediately think of revolutionaries and reformers from the middle of the 19th century. Yet, the words were written a bit earlier than that, and they come from a source that, perhaps, many non–Italians have not heard of: Vincenzo Cuoco, a Neapolitan historian who lived from 1770 to 1823. Cuoco was caught up in the spirit and times of late 18th–century Europe: Enlightenment and Revolution. He was part of the Neapolitan Enlightenment and part of the revolution that gave birth to the Neapolitan Republic of 1799. The Bourbons overthrew the Republic after a few short months and punished Cuoco by confiscating his property and sentencing him to 20 years of exile. Then, when the French took over the Kingdom of Naples in 1806, he returned home and took an active part in the 10-year French rule in Naples. At the second return of the Bourbons in 1815, he was permitted to stay in Naples, where he died in 1823, clouded by mental illness. At least, the Bourbons had spared Cuoco's life in 1799, and he lived to write the works he is remembered for. The best known one is Saggio Storico sulla Rivoluzione
Napoletana
nel 1799 (History of the Neapolitan Revolution of 1799). He
published
it anonymously in 1801 and under his own name in 1806; it is the
seminal
work for those interested in that episode of history and, though his
view
is not the only one on why the revolution failed, Cuoco is the first to
deal with that question: Since our revolution was a passive one, the only way for it to be successful would have been to gain the opinion of the people. But the view of the patriots was not the same as that of the people; they had different ideas, different customs, and even two different languages. The very same admiration for things foreign, which held back our culture as a kingdom, formed the basis for our republic and was the greatest obstacle to the establishment of liberty. The Neapolitan nation was split in two, separated over two centuries into two very different kinds of people. The educated classes were formed on foreign models and possessed a culture quite different from one that the nation needed, one that could come about only through the development of our own faculties. Some had become French, and some English; and those that stayed Neapolitan—most of the people—stayed uneducated. A lesser–known work—and the one the quote at the beginning of this log entry is taken from—is Platone in Italia (Plato in Italy), a bit of historical fiction in which Cuoco claims to be merely translating a manuscript written by Plato, himself. Of course, no one believed that, and Cuoco knew that no one believed that, but it gave him a vehicle for his ideas on just what was wrong with society and how it could be remedied. Platone in Italia is a series of dialogues between Plato and his disciples set in Italy during Plato's lifetime—that is, approximately 400 b.c. Cuoco—speaking as Plato—reveals his fascination with the ancient pre-Roman peoples of Italy, especially the Etruscans and the Samnites, two cultures older than Greece and which—much more so than Greece—should serve as a model for modern Italy. Italy really had nothing to thank the Greeks for, since the Italic cultures were older than that of Classical Greece. Modern Italians (meaning in the early 19th century, when Cuoco was writing) had nothing to fear from the ideas of confederation (like the Etruscans) or a non-feudal system of land management—small farms owned and worked by the citizenry (like the Samnites). After all, none of this, says Plato/Cuoco, is new and revolutionary; it goes way back to our own Italic roots. The book is actually amusing in that it has Plato sounding off
on various
occasions about how backwards "we Greeks" really are compared to the
older
and wiser peoples of Italy. Cuoco, of course, is throwing this in the
face
of the cliché that Italy (meaning the Romans) became educated
only
after they had conquered Greece and absorbed some wisdom. Platone
in
Italia did very well for a number of years—perhaps in the afterglow
of the French Revolution—but it then drifted into obscurity. I was
reminded
of all this when I passed the Vincenzo Cuoco Liceo the other day. He
might
be happy to know that two centuries later, there is a high school in
Naples
named for him. "Little King," the ("Reuccio")
The building seen behind the statue in the photo is of extreme interest. It is part of what was once one of the largest monasteries in Italy and is, perhaps, the least written about of all such religious structures in Naples. Construction started in 1411 and over the centuries devopled into a mini-city inhabited by members of the Monteolivetan order. The complex was largely broken up in the wake of the suppression of monasteries in Napoleonic Europe in the early 1800s and has undergone subsequent subdivision. The part in view behind the statue in the photo is currently a large barracks for the Carabinieri, the uniformed Italian national police force. (The dark building attached to the left of the barracks is the Church of Monteoliveto —still a church.) The entire complex stretched further downhill to the south for 150 yards to the main cloister of the monastery. That part of the complex is closed but was left intact and actually incorporated into the main Naples post office when that building was put up in the 1930s (photo at right). In effect, the entire modern city block surrounds the old monastery. [Also see here for an item on
the modern use of old monasteries. Parthenope, Ulysses When we had got within earshot of the land, and the ship was going at a good rate, the Sirens saw that we were getting in shore and began with their singing.'Come here,' they sang, 'renowned Ulysses, honour to the Achaean name, and listen to our two voices. No one ever sailed past us without staying to hear the enchanting sweetness of our song—and he who listens will go on his way not only charmed, but wiser, for we know all the ills that the gods laid upon the Argives and Trojans before Troy, and can tell you everything that is going to happen over the whole world.'
I have found what I understand is the only piece of ancient
sculpture
in Naples depicting the siren, Parthenope. It is a small bust, and is
located
on the premises of the Municipio, the City Hall. It was recovered
from
the site of the original Greek acropolis of the city of Neapolis, on
the
height across from today's Piazza Cavour. That location is not
currently
an active archaeological site, and it has been covered with centuries
of
construction, most recently various departments of the University of
Naples
Medical School. On the historic map of the city (click
here) you would start at #37 and walk up the hill (towards
the
top of the map). (There is also a modern statue
of Parthenope in Naples.) maintenance and upkeep, Mostra d'Oltremare, Piazzale Tecchio
One of the most maddening things about Naples is that they build beautiful things and then let them fall apart. Some years ago, they city decided to redo the square in front of the San Paolo soccer stadium, Piazzale Tecchio. They turned it from a squalid clot of traffic and noise into a vast pedestrian zone, replete with banks of brick bleacher-type seats for students from the adjacent university buildings and a large area surfaced with natural, rough-hewn wooden planks. All that plus the new trees gave the students and passers–by a pleasant place to sit outside in a busy city and enjoy their lunch and maybe a fine day. I passed by that spot yesterday and the wooden surface is rotted and warped, and there are weeds growing up between the cracks (photo). Years of weathering and no maintenance will do that. As a result, the entire area is closed and cordoned off by that orange plastic web fencing that they string around construction sites to keep lollygaggers away. That, too, has been pushed down and trampled underfoot in places by pedestrians trying to get across the square along the narrow walkway that has been left open. Bare, rusted spikes that held the fence in place stick up along the route. It's a pit. The stadium is adjacent, also, to the east end of the mammoth Mostra d'Oltremare—the Overseas Fair Grounds—an area about one mile long by several hundred yards wide. It was opened in the late 1930s and was part of the Fascist-era splurge of construction in Naples. It had thousands of Mediterranean pine trees, a zoo, buildings for expositions, and—the crown jewel—the arena flegrea, an outdoor theater, the backdrop of which was a colourful mosaic. The wings led from both sides to access paths around to the production area where props were stored. Through the 1950s, summer productions of Aida were an annual event. The most spectacular feature at the Mostra was a suspension cable-car that led from the fair grounds up and over the trees to a point on the Posillipo ridge hundreds of yards distant and 300 feet above sea-level to overlook the entire bay of Pozzuoli to the west. The zoo is still there, as are many of the trees, but the fountain has not fountained in years, nor has the theater been used in decades. Many of the buildings have fallen to ruin, and if you wander into the still ample wooded sections, you can see what is left of buildings jutting out or toppled over. In many cases, newer and very ugly buildings have been put up over the years in that formless quick–and–dirty prefabricated slab style of the 50s and 60s. The grounds are still used to host yearly events such as book and computer fairs, and some university buildings are also on the premises. The cable lift to Posillipo has, of course, not run since the 1950s. There are two possibilities, both of which have to do with my search for the right saint: one, either the saint does not exist and, thus, those people charged with keeping things looking spiffy and fine have no need to curry favor with the gods; or, two, the saint does exist and those same people figure they don't have to worry about it because the saint has it covered. This is a Thomistic dilemma, indeed, and I tremble before it. [more at Mostra d'oltremare 2] Seiano Grotto (1)
A most singular bit of construction, however, is the spectacular Seiano Grotto, an 800-meter tunnel through the Posillipo hill itself, from the western area of modern Bagnoli through to the sea. It was apparently a private tunnel and allowed easy access to the spectacular clifftop estate of Vedius Pollio. The tunnel was probably built by Lucius Cocceus Auctus, the same engineer responsible for the Gallery of Peace, a tunnel and important part of the fortifications of the Roman Imperial Port in Baia.) Auctus also built the major tunnel that the Romans used to get to Naples from the West. (Today, that tunnel parallels and is between the two modern traffic tunnels that go from Mergellina through the hill to Fuorigrotta. It was in common use until the completion of the two recent tunnels, one in the 1880s and the other in the 1920s.) The Seiano Grotto is high and spacious; it was ventilated by three air ducts opening on the sea. It fell into disuse over the centuries, but was later reopened by the Bourbons in 1841. Bourbon restoration was extensive and provides interesting comparison to the original Roman masonry evident in many places. The Bagnoli entrance (shown in the photo) has recently been restored and, on occasion, the tunnel and grounds of the Vedius Pollio estate may be visited. (Also, see this entry on
Posillipo.) smorfia (2), dreams (2)
I dreamt that Vesuvius erupted. Now, I have had the normal run-of-the-mill dreams of interest to headshrinkers, I suppose, but I have never had any prophetic dreams. I have read about them, of course, and put them in that part of my brain-closet where I keep crop circles, aliens, and Atlantis. Yet, it was vivid. I had missed a bus for some reason and was running towards home. I looked up and the volcano was off in the distance, the profile very clear—more or less as I would see it from where I live, both cones, Somma and Vesuvius, with the saddle-like depression between them. Then, Vesuvius, the one on the right, started smoking. Someone said, "Vesuvius is erupting!" and then the main eruption started—not a slow, effusive eruption, but a cataclysmic explosion just like the films I have seen of Mount St. Helens and Pinatubo, where the entire top of the mountain explodes and then disappears behind the smoke. I mentioned the dream to a couple of acquaintances and they
were reluctant
to comment. I think I may have trod on some unspoken rule that forbids
talking about such things. You never can tell. I am not sure if there
is
a time-limit on the dream-lottery connection. This may take some
research. (This photo of the 1944 eruption of Vesuvius is by courtesy of Herman Chanowitz, the photographer. Photo restoration by Tana A. Churan-Davis.) America's Cup (1)—
As I have noted in the log entry for Bagnoli, there is underway an enormously ambitious project to revive the area. The steel mill is already gone, and an impressive Science City exposition ground is, at least partially, already open on the premises. The latest wrinkle in bringing Bagnoli back to life is more ambitious than I could have ever imagined: The America's Cup! —the boat race. (Not knowing anything about boats and sailing except what I remember from Captain Blood, I am not even sure if "race" is the proper term. I should be keelhauled, I know. Avast. Belay that.) The Swiss team, Alinghi, won the recent 31st edition of the America's Cup in New Zealand and is now searching around the Mediterranean for a site to hold the 32nd competition in 2007, when they will be called upon to defend the Cup. There are two Alinghi representatives now in Naples to scout Bagnoli as a possible site, and there is intense politicking going on at City Hall to get the race. Palma di Mallorca is also mentioned as a candidate. The
Neapolitan papers,
as might be expected, tout all the advantages of Bagnoli, from wind
conditions
to water depth to the availability of a vast tract of "virgin area" to
develop into facilities to accommodate the 18 craft that will
participate.
I have seen the area, and—while there is nothing "virgin" about it (I
shall
spare you the lame jokes about "restorative surgery")—much of it is
again
available to be redeveloped. If selected, could they do it four years?
I don't think so. Castel dell'Ovo (Egg Castle) (1)
Less mythologically, here is where the Greeks from Cuma
to the north first settled the bay of Naples in the fifth century bc.
Centuries
later, the island became the home of the last Roman emperor, exiled
here
in 476 A.D. after the empire was overrun by the Goths. [Various sources say that the young, last emperor, Romulus
Augustulus, was banished to the "castle of Lucullus" in Campania
by
Odoacer, whom Gibbon, in The Decline
and Fall of the Roman Empire, called "...that successful
barbarian..." . Gibbon also says, however, that " When the Vandals
became formidable to the seacoast, the Lucullan villa, on the
promontory of Misenum, gradually assumed the strength and appellation
of a strong castle, the obscure retreat of the last emperor of the
West." That is almost certainly a mistake. There were imperial villas
on the promontory of Misenum, but the great villa of Lucullus (from
which we derive the expression, "To live in Lucullan splendor") was
indeed on the island of Megaride, where the Castel dell'Ovo now stands.
The ex-last-emperor was then apparently instrumental in founding a
monastery on the island. There are no reliable accounts of his last
years or even of when he died.]
The egg, of course, is in many contexts —from pre-Christian ones to Augustine's commentary on Luke to Bosch's "The Garden of Earthly Delights" and even to the popular use of the "Easter egg"— a symbol of life, resurrection and hope. Thus, the broken egg stands for spiritual death, and, thus, at least once in the Middle Ages, a Neapolitan monarch had to go out and assure the people that the egg had not broken. It was intact —and Naples was safe. (For a more personal view of the Egg Castle, click
here.) (Also see here.) Bellini (Piazza) (1)
The square is adjacent to a section (photo on right, below) of
the original
west wall of the Greek city of Neapolis,
the massive blocks still lying where they were put in place four
centuries
before Christ. The wall ran the length of what is now via
Costantinopoli,
and, presumably, if you could tear up that street and tear down all the
nearby buildings and dig down a few meters, you would find the whole
wall,
portals and all —in addition to making modern residents very
unhappy.
The square is also at the point along via Costantinopoli where the Spanish chose to breach the original walls of the city in the first “modern” expansion of Naples, in the fifteenth century, putting in place the gate right across the street that now leads to Port’Alba and Piazza Dante. There are two prominent buildings in Piazza Bellini. The first is Palazzo Conca, on the composer’s left (not shown here), built in 1488 and long considered one of Naples’ major repositories of period furnishings and works of art, belonging, as it did during its long history, to two of the city’s most important families, the Concas and, later, the Orsinis.
Directly across from the composer is the Palazzo Firrao (photo on left), also known as Palazzo Bisignano, built in the 1500s. The Baroque façade of the building is due to the facelift given the building in the 1600s by the greatest Neapolitan architect of the age, Cosimo Fanzago, whose other works in the city include the arched courtyard within the monastery of San Martino and the chapel in the Royal Palace. The façade is ornamental in the extreme and is listed in a 1718 catalogue as one of the "most conspicuous" in the city. Among other things, the façade presents an array of statues of seven kings of Spain, ranging from the 15th century to Charles II (1661-1700). Today, the square is a gathering place and watering hole for
whatever
passes as a ‘Bohemian’ element these days. It is, as noted, right next
door to the music conservatory—and right
down the street from the Royal Art Academy on via Costantinopoli.
Music shops, coffee houses and art galleries abound, and there is an
open-air
antique fair on Sundays. (Also, see here.)
trains (1), metropolitana (5) The mythical station of...
I saw that I had moved right below the mechanical notice board. It had letters that flip into place to indicate the destination of the next train. I watched as the letters for my direction clicked over and spelled out, 'P–O–Z–Z–U–O–L–I'. That was where I was going, so, in spite of whatever other character defects it may have had, this was a good sign, though perhaps a mite optimistic, for time continued to pass, time during which, I feel sure, the Great Red Spot on Jupiter made significant progress across the surface of that kingly sphere, but also a period during which our Metro station remained as unsullied and pristine, as gloriously trainless as the Garden of Eden. My central nervous system was now so bored that it threatened to start answering weird ads in personal columns on its own just for a little action, so I shifted over a bit and casually, unsuspectingly, looked up at the other side of the board, the side that would indicate the destination of trains going the opposite way. It, too, had tiny individual slots for letters, but they were rightfully blank, since there was only one more stop in that direction to the end of the line, Gianturco, which was, however, closed for repairs. A strange thing then happened, something that made my skin crawl. The sight of my skin slithering towards them from the far end of the platform was so repulsive to the other passengers that now they moved further away from me. Above me on the board, concealed from them, but clear to me, the blank letter spaces had whirred to life and where there should have been nothing, no destination at all, letters had slowly flip–flopped into place and now read: 'NBLKFOPSJON'. It was only there for a few seconds and I was the only one to see it, but I am now convinced that Someone or Something somewhere, for reasons that may never be known, had given me a brief glimpse into The Other Side. For those few short seconds, I, alone, on this planet knew the answer to The Question: Where the Hell is My Damned Train?! It was in NBLKFOPSJON. Everyone's unarrived train is in NBLKFOPSJON! Now it is clear—that is the only place they could ever be! Surely you don't think there is room for all the missing trains in Naples to be hiding out down at the end of the line, maybe catching a quick beer and a smoke or listening to the ball scores, while you cool your heels. They are clearly somewhere else. NBLKFOPSJON is a—call it a 'station,' if you will, since our language has no real term for places like this—that lies beyond the end of the line. Perhaps it is a station in a universe parallel to our own, or maybe—I haven't quite got all the details worked out, yet—it is out near those isles of gloom, at the mere mention of which even the bravest mariners in Viking sagas tremble and reach for the glühwein—abodes with names like Fyrlswørth, Llygymmkin, and, yes, Nblkfopsjon. I'm not sure what good this knowledge does me. It is almost
masonically
arcane—indeed, there must be others out there who "know," and it has
occured
to me that maybe we should have some way of making ourselves known to
one
another—secret handclasps or something. Occasionally I test this out by
quite audibly ordering a metro ticket for "Nblkfopsjon" and then
quickly
checking around me in the line for reactions. I thought I saw a gleam
of
"knowledge" in the eyes of a young woman the other evening, but when I
ran over and tried what I thought was a pretty good secret handclasp on
her, she hit me in the nose. So, what have I learned? Maybe this: don't
fall asleep on the train. Museum, National Archaeological
Charles III of Bourbon founded the museum in the 1750s. He used a building erected in 1585, one that had served as a cavalry barracks and later, from 1616 to 1777, as the seat of the University of Naples. Expansion of the premises continued in the latter half of the eighteenth century under the supervision of Ferdinando Fuga and Pompeo Schianterelli. A final project drawn up in 1790 to complete the structure was never completed. The museum houses impressive collections from Pompei and Herculaneum;
there are exhibits from other archaeological sites throughout southern
Italy, including some from early non-Roman
Italic
peoples of the area, such as the Samnites.
More recent additions include the Farnese collection and the Borgia
collection
of Egyptian antiquities, this latter giving the visitor the bonus of
studying
the very real commercial and social ties that the ancient Greek
city
had with its own forerunner, Egypt.
Other
collections contain items that in many other museums would be
considered
much more than 'miscellaneous', such as the 'Tazza Farnese,' one of the
largest cameos in the world, crafted in Alexandria in 150 BC and that
came
into the possession of Lorenzo the Magnificent a millennium-and-a-half
later. Capri (3)
 Like the game that
children and poets play, called "What do
you see
in that cloud?" there's an experiment in visual perception in which you
look at an apparently random jumble of light and shadow, and try to
pick
out a figure—perhaps a human face or an animal—"hidden" in the picture.
You can examine it for hours in vain, then the next day glance at it
casually
and have it spring out at you like a jack-in-the-box. Then, you might
blink
your eyes, look again—and it's gone.
But, whether or not I manage to catch that glimpse of her, whenever I need a long walk and peace and quiet, she—the island—is always there. Strange, you say, to think of Capri in terms of solitude? Is this not the Isle of Pleasure, boasting centuries of tales and descriptions of lurid Hedonism? And even if you aren't a sinner, is there not an almost obligatory hustle and bustle forced upon the visitor? How do you find the peace and quiet. Walk. It's amazing how long it took me to realize that. I was staring at Capri from a short distance offshore and I remember seeing for the hundredth and yet the first time the houses that dot the isle. I then realized that I had no idea how all the people who live in those houses get about when, except on a few principle roads, there is virtually no motorized traffic at all. I set off to find out, and I discovered an extensive network of trails, spun like a web over the island. I have walked up from the Marina Grande to the top of Monte
Solaro in the midst of the tourist season and had the entire
trail to myself. I've hiked up to the Saracen Tower on Mount Barbarossa
and practiced the trombone, much to the amusement of the wildlife. I've
wandered down from the top of Monte Solaro to the small
observatory
and to the church that commands the heights overlooking the town of
Capri,
itself. I've hiked down the steps from Villa Fersen to the sea
and
had a secluded bath in the sea, again at the height of summer with not
a soul in sight. Up to the villa of infamous Tiberius, down to the
Natural
Arch, over to the red bunker that Malaparte called "home," down the via
Krupp, and simply nowhere in particular along the trails around
Anacapri—the
variations are endless. Oplontis
The only large, significant excavation at Oplontis is the
"Villa of
Poppaea," referring to Poppaea Sabina, Nero's second wife. That is at
least
a possible conclusion from an amphora fragment bearing the name
"Secundus,"
one of Poppaea's servants. In any event, it was almost certainly an
imperial
residence, opulently equipped as it was with a 60 x 15-meter swimming
pool,
a large number of rooms, intervening gardens and courtyards, and murals
on the walls that are still splendid. Some of the extant murals are
beautiful
examples of the so-called "second Pompeian style," depicting artificial
architecture on the walls—painted windows opened onto painted sea or
landscape
or ontopainted rows of columns that fade away from the viewer through
the
use of perspective, all to give the illusion of space. It was, no
doubt,
one of the villas that impressed Strabo so much. The
"peacock mural" from Oplontis.
It is remarkable for the use of
pseudo-perspective in the columns and the trompe-l'oeil effect of the bird's tail.
By far the most striking thing about Oplontis is what you
don't find—human
remains. And there are no lava molds of people huddled together in
death,
as there are at Pompeii. The Villa Poppaea was deserted when Vesuvius
erupted.
In the wake of an earthquake that damaged the town and villa severely
in
the decade before the great eruption, people had moved away so
reconstruction
could take place. Presumably, the residents were elsewhere, making
typical
complaints about how it took the Egyptians less time to build the
pyramids
than it does for us Romans to put a few bricks back in place, when real
disaster struck. back to subject index email: Jeff Matthews |
For
those who are not claustrophobic—nay, for those who
absolutely revel
in their agoraphobia—I recommend a visit to the Roman aqueduct
system
that supplied Naples. It is one of the most impressive feats of
engineering
undertaken in Naples during the reign of Caesar Augustus. The 
Concerning
the visit of the Savoys to Naples, the
city of
Naples backtracked and accepted a gift from Victor Emanuel and also
turned
to flapdoodle the official line that the Savoys are "just private
citizens
like anyone else and we aren't going to baby-sit them". Indeed, the
mayor
of Naples, Mrs. Iervolino, and the ex-mayor (now president of the
Campania
region), Mr. Bassolino, both showed up to say hello. 
The most
curious
demonstrators were the "antis". Some of them
were simply
republicans and against monarchies. Their point was to demonstrate
against
any sort of official kow-towing to a Man Who Would Be King—although
that
is not going to happen and everyone knows it. What caught the eye was
the
strange cult of "neo-Bourbons" that showed up with signs that read
"Assassins!"
and "Hyenas!" 
I 'm
not sure what kind of foreign car is the most popular in
Naples.
You see a lot of the offical car of Lilliput nowadays, the Smart,
a two–seater (photo). It is made by Mercedes and Swatch (from Swiss
Watch, the
gnomes who make those screwy–looking transparent wristwatches where you
can actually see the springs and cogs of the works. The Smart is not
cheap,
in spite of its diminutive size, but it is easy to park, which I
suppose
is an advantage. I did know one of the nouveaux riches in
Naples
who had the ostentatiously bad taste to get himself a Rolls Royce. I
have
no idea if he ever took it out of the garage. I have no idea even where
the garage was; it was probably some sort of a secret cavern where he
could
enwomb himself in his expensive toy in solitude, fondle the
steering
wheel and feel completed in life. There are a few Mercedes around—the
real
ones: somber, well designed, solidly built, wall-to-wall airbags and
even—as
an optional—a cigar-smoking industrialist in the back seat. There are
some
Volvos and Saabs, too. Having a new high–tech German or Swedish set of
wheels around here, though, is asking for trouble. There is a big
market
for them, and they say that if you park one in the wrong part of town,
some sheikh will be driving your car around downtown Riyadh a few days
from now. 
Affectionately called the Il Reuccio"—the
"little
king" —by
Neapolitans, Charles II (1661-1700), King of Spain, was the last
ruler of the once mighty Spanish empire and, thus, is the last in
the line of Spanish monarchs to rule Naples.
He died without an heir and designated as his successor Phillip of
Bourbon
, Duke of Anjou, and nephew of the king of France. This effectively
turned
France and Spain into allies, a union potentially so strong that
England,
Holland, and the Holy Roman Empire of Leopold I formed a Grand Alliance
to fight it. This set off the Wars of the Spanish Succession,
which
raged across Europe until 1713. The statue in the photo is at Piazza
Monteoliveto,
one block up from the main post office on Via Monteoliveto.
Like most of my generation, I got my
classical education from the
venerable
Classic Comics. I grew up thinking that most of that ancient Greek
stuff
happened—well, over in Greece somewhere. Little did I know that the
episode
of the Sirens took place in these waters. There are tiny rocks sticking
up out of the water on the Amalfi side of the Sorrentine peninsla named
for those very Sirens that tempted Ulysses. One of the Sirens,
Parthenope,
threw herself into the sea out of despair over what she believed to be
her lack of allure, and her body washed up on the coast a few
miles
away at the spot where mythology says the city of Neapolis (Naples) was
founded. Actually, that would be the city of Parthenope, which then
became
Neapolis; indeed, modern Neaplotans still refer to themselves commonly
as "Parthenopeans". 
My
theological qualifications are ridiculously
peccable, so
when I say
I couldn't find a Patron Saint for those who perform Maintenance and
Upkeep,
I may, indeed, have missed him or her. There is Expeditus (also known
as
Elpidus), the saint against procrastination and for expeditious or
prompt
solutions. Also, Saint Barbara and Saint Thomas the Apostle (better
remembered
as "doubting") are both listed as saints for construction workers. All
of these are close to what I am looking for…but… 
As
early as the Republic of Rome and then during the first centuries of
Empire,
the coastal area of the Bay of Naples was the site of a number of
aristocratic
residences. One of the best-loved places to put your aristocratic villa
in those days was on the seaside slope of the great hill of Posillipo
at
the western end of the bay. The name Posillipo —Greek for "the
place
where unhappiness ends" expresses the sense of serenity which Imperial
Romans must have derived from this lovely promontory. Recent
excavations
along the seaside in the area of the small island of Gaiola and the
nearby
coastal area of Marechiaro have uncovered numerous traces of Roman
habitation,
including the ruins of a theatre built to accommodate some 2,000
spectators,
and an odeion, a theater for musical performances. 
Looking at the entry for the 
I remember
the town of Bagnoli as the degraded site of a steel
mill,
a blight on the potentially beautiful Bay of Pozzuoli. The industrial
plant,
of course, was ugly and dirty, and whatever recreational use the waters
might have served was rendered academic by the presence of a huge
industrial
pier. 
The fortress that you
now see dates back "only"
about a
thousand years
and is essentially the result of 
Piazza
Bellini is on via Costantinopoli, appropriately a few yards
from the 
I had
been holed up at the Piazza Garibaldi stop
beneath the
main railway station in Naples waiting for the Metropolitana for
quite some time. Still no train. The passengers—or, better, the
ticketholders
who aspired to passengerhood—reacted variously. Some shuffled
helplessly
like bored cattle. Others looked like zombies playing hopscotch,
stiffly
lumbering up and down the platform, their eyes vacantly reflecting the
long dark perspective of the empty tunnels. Many of them looked used to
this ritual. They looked tough. They looked like Donner Party
Survivors.
I moved away from them, down to the farthest end of the platform. If The
Night of the Living Dead Metro Riders broke out, I would escape
into
the tunnel itself. (I made a mental note to avoid the fate of those
poor
souls who had perished in the Great Late Train Riots of The Week Before
when they had become enmeshed in the cobwebs that crisscrossed the
tracks.) 
The
National Archaeological
Museum is located at the corner of via Foria and via
Costantinopoli.
That point was also the northwest corner of the original Greek wall of
the city of Neapolis, remains of which
can be seen further down via Costantinopoli at 
The
existence of
such a regal
residence is, in fact, noted in
the Tabula
Peuteringiana, a medieval copy of a Roman road map. The villa and
whatever
other structures made up the small town of Oplontis were buried in the
great eruption, however, and it wasn't until the 1500s that the Spanish
rulers of the Kingdom of Naples came across the ruins of the villa
while
building an aqueduct. And it was not until the mid-1700s that further
excavation
was undertaken in the same wave of archaeological interest that spurred
Charles III and then his son, Ferdinand IV, to lay bare such
antiquities
as Pompeii and Herculaneum. Yet, Oplontis remained—and
remains—relatively
unknown; the swimming pool wasn't uncovered until the 1970s and the
site,
itself, was not open to public visits until the early 1980s. The
excavation
is not complete and never will be, since Oplontis, like Herculaneum,
sits
beneath a modern town. To get into the site, you walk down a ramp until
you are at ground level, 79 a.d. (about 30 feet below the modern
streets
and buildings that surround Oplontis).